Problem 1: Absolute Pressure in Seawater

Determine the absolute pressure $15\text{ m}$ below the surface of seawater with $SG=1.03$. Take atmospheric pressure as $101.3\text{ kPa}$.

Problem 2: Differential Manometer with Three Fluids

A differential manometer connects pipe A containing water and pipe B containing oil with $SG=0.80$. Mercury with $SG=13.6$ is the manometric fluid. From A, move downward $0.50\text{ m}$ in water to the left mercury interface, upward $0.20\text{ m}$ in mercury to the right interface, and upward $0.30\text{ m}$ in oil to B. Find $p_A-p_B$.

Problem 3: U-Tube Manometer on a Water Pipe

A mercury U-tube manometer is connected to a water pipe. The other leg is open to the atmosphere, both reference points are at the same elevation, and the mercury level difference is $0.18\text{ m}$. Find the pipe gauge pressure.

Problem 4: Inclined Manometer Sensitivity

An inclined manometer containing oil with $SG=0.85$ has a tube angle of $30^\circ$ above horizontal. The liquid moves $0.40\text{ m}$ along the tube. Determine the vertical head and corresponding pressure difference.

Problem 5: Hydraulic Press using Pascal's Law

A hydraulic press has a $50\text{ mm}$ diameter input piston and a $400\text{ mm}$ diameter output piston. Neglecting losses, determine the output force produced by a $500\text{ N}$ input force.

Problem 6: Vacuum and Absolute Pressure

A vessel pressure gauge reads $-62\text{ kPa}$ while local atmospheric pressure is $98\text{ kPa}$. Determine the absolute pressure and the vacuum pressure.

Problem 7: Piezometer Reading

A piezometer connected to a water main shows a water column $4.50\text{ m}$ above the pipe centerline. Determine the gauge pressure at the connection.

Problem 8: Pressure below Layered Liquids

An open tank contains $2.0\text{ m}$ of oil with $SG=0.80$ above $3.0\text{ m}$ of water. Determine the gauge pressure at the tank bottom.