Problem 1: Discharge through a Tank Orifice

A circular orifice has diameter $50\text{ mm}$, discharge coefficient $C_d=0.60$, and center $4.0\text{ m}$ below a large reservoir surface. Determine discharge.

Problem 2: Venturi Meter from a Pressure-Head Difference

A Venturi meter in a water pipe has inlet diameter $200\text{ mm}$ and throat diameter $100\text{ mm}$. The piezometric head difference is $0.50\text{ m}$ of water and $C_d=0.98$. Determine discharge.

Problem 3: Venturi Meter with a Mercury Manometer

A horizontal Venturi meter carries water. $D_1=300\text{ mm}$, $D_2=150\text{ mm}$, and $C_d=0.98$. A differential mercury manometer shows $0.12\text{ m}$. Determine discharge.

Problem 4: Orifice Meter in a Pipe

A $100\text{ mm}$ orifice plate is installed in a $200\text{ mm}$ water pipe. The pressure difference is $20\text{ kPa}$ and $C_d=0.62$. Determine discharge.

Problem 5: Pitot Tube Velocity

A Pitot-static tube in water measures a stagnation-minus-static pressure of $5.0\text{ kPa}$. The tube coefficient is $0.98$. Determine local velocity.

Problem 6: Rectangular Sharp-Crested Weir

A suppressed rectangular weir is $1.5\text{ m}$ wide and has head $H=0.30\text{ m}$ above the crest. Use $C_d=0.62$. Determine discharge.

Problem 7: 90-Degree V-Notch Weir

A $90^\circ$ V-notch weir has head $0.25\text{ m}$ and $C_d=0.60$. Determine discharge.

Problem 8: Velocity-Area Measurement in a Channel

A $6\text{ m}$ wide channel is divided into five equal $1.2\text{ m}$ subsections. Representative depths are $0.8$, $1.2$, $1.5$, $1.1$, and $0.7\text{ m}$; corresponding mean velocities are $0.60$, $0.80$, $1.00$, $0.75$, and $0.50\text{ m/s}$. Estimate discharge using the midsection method.