Optics and Light - Theory & Concepts - Geometric Optics

Learn the core principles of optics and light in physics. Study reflection, refraction, lenses, mirrors, and wave optics theory.

Interactive engineering simulation

Experiment with geometric optics by beaming a light ray from one medium to another. Analyze Snell's Law and Total Internal Reflection.

Standard Refraction

Medium 1 Preset (Top)

Medium 2 Preset (Bottom)

Angle of Incidence (θ₁)45 deg

deg

0–89

Drag for exploration or enter an exact value. Press Enter to apply; Escape restores the current value.

Index of Refraction n11.00

1.00–3.00

Drag for exploration or enter an exact value. Press Enter to apply; Escape restores the current value.

Index of Refraction n21.52

1.00–3.00

Drag for exploration or enter an exact value. Press Enter to apply; Escape restores the current value.

Governing Formulas

Snell's Law

n_1 \sin(\theta_1) = n_2 \sin(\theta_2)

Critical Angle (for TIR)

\theta_c = \arcsin\left(\frac{n_2}{n_1}\right) \quad (\text{if } n_1 > n_2)

Angle θ₁

45.0°

Angle θ₂

27.7°

Critical Angle (θc)

N/A

Model scope and verification

Use the displayed units and idealizations, then verify the governing balance or compatibility equation before interpreting the result.

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